Abstract: The microstructure and particle size and distribution of the atmospheric particulate matters were observed in the spring time in Changqing area by use of a scanning electron microscope. The relation curve and histogram of the particle size and distribution of the quantity of atmospheric particulates during a continuous thirty days was drawn using the statistical regression analysis method. The experimental results showed that atmospheric particulates were mainly in a particle size range of 0~1.0μm and 1.0~2.5μm. The microstructure of atmospheric particulate matters included irregular particle, block, spherosome, clava, chip, etc. In addition, the microstructures of Escherichia coli and pollen are observed. The experimental results have reference value to the research of PM2.5 and PM10 in atmosphere and the atmospheric contamination to some extent. And the experimental method is worthy to be applied widely.