Abstract: In order to improve the reliability of detection data of cadmium and lead elements in rice, the content of cadmium and lead in rice were detected according to GB 5009.12—2017 "Determination of Lead in Food" and GB 5009.15—2014 "Determination of Cadmium in Food", and the various error analysis were carried out for the measuring system analysis (MSA) with the atomic absorption spectrophotometer as measuring equipment. The results showed that the Xbar control charts in the stability analysis of two elements have points beyond the upper and lower control limits, and the stability did not meet the requirements. The bias and linear P values were greater than 0.05, which meant that there were no significant bias and linear error. The results of Reproducibility & Repeatability (R&R) were 54.03% and 36.38%, respectively, both greater than 30%, and the measurement errors were beyond the acceptable range. The stability reached the statistical controlled state after the fault investigation of human, machine, material, method, environment, measurement and other aspects, and the R&R were reduced to 9.66% and 8.95%, respectively, both less than 10%, the measurement system was acceptable. The use of MSA method to reduce various types of measurement errors from many aspects, can effectively guarantee the reliability of the detection data of cadmium and lead contents in rice.