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Investigation and Analysis of Disastrous Soluble Salts in Sanmenxia Guo Ji Tomb Sites
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摘要: 针对三门峡虢季墓遗址部分区域存在起甲、泛白、疱疹等由可溶盐引起的病害, 在其遗址不同部位取样进行土遗址本体含盐分析.取样区域包括虢季墓、梁姬墓和近代墓遗址.采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和离子色谱(IC)分析所取样品的可溶盐成分、含量及可溶盐成盐元素在土遗址中的成盐规律.采用电子能谱(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析样品的物相组成及盐分状态, 扫描电子显微镜/能谱(SEM/EDS)进一步考察含盐土质的颗粒组成、微观形貌等.结果表明:虢季墓取样区域所含盐分主要为Na2SO4、CaCO3和少量的其他盐分如CaCl2、KNO3和NaCl等.靠近地面部位所取样品盐分含量高于其他部位, 盐害表现更为明显.梁姬墓取样区域总盐分含量略高于虢季墓与近代墓, 硝酸盐含量较高.而近代墓遗址可溶盐盐分含量略低, 盐害不明显.在不同取样点可溶盐含量有所差异, 但在邻近区域, 其成盐具有一定规律性, 这一点对于遗址基体中盐害的深入研究与防治具有重要意义.Abstract: The characteristics of the main disastrous soluble salts and their contents in the site of Guo Ji Tomb of Sanmenxia had been analyzed by taking samples from Guo Ji Tomb, Liang Ji Tomb and Jin Dai Tomb where salt damages as salt efflorescence, flaking and piece falling existed. The regular patterns of salt formation were discussed using the testing methods of X-ray fluorescence(XRF)and ion chromatograph(IC). The species, existing types and concentrations of salts in the GUO Ji Tomb and other locations were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscophe main salts and small amounts y(XPS) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM/EDS)techniques. The results indicated that Na2SO4 and CaCO3 are the main salts and small amounts of CaCl2、KNO3 and NaCl were also found. The concentrations of salts in the soil near the ground were higher than those of other locations and these salts caused heavy salt damages. The concentrations of salts in Liang Ji Tomb were higher than those of Guo Ji Tomb and Jin Dai Tomb with higher content of nitrates. It was found that contents of soluble salts were different at different locations, but in the neighboring region there existed certain regularity, which provides some useful information for the research and control of salt damages.
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Key words:
- earthen sites /
- salt damages /
- Guo Ji Tombs /
- XRF /
- IC /
- XPS /
- XRD /
- SEM
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图 1 虢季墓取样点GJM4样品XPS谱图
Figure 1. XPS spectra of samples obtained at GJM4 site of Guo Ji Tomb
(a) S, (b) Na, (c) Ca
图 2 梁姬墓取样点LJM2及LJM3样品XPS谱图
Figure 2. XPS spectra of samples obtained at LJM2 and LJM3 site of Liang Ji Tomb
(a)LJM2 Na, (b)LJM2 Ca, (c)LJM2 K, (d) LJM3 Na
图 3 虢季墓、梁姬墓及近代墓取样点XRD谱图
(a)虢季墓；(b)梁姬墓；(c)近代墓
Figure 3. XRD patterns of samples obtained at Guo Ji、Liang Ji and Jin Dai Tomb sites
(a)Guo Ji Tomb; (b)Liang Ji Tomb; (c)Jin Dai Tomb
图 4 虢季墓取样点扫描电子显微镜/能谱谱图
Figure 4. SEM image and EDS analysis of sample obtained at Guo Ji Tomb site
图 5 近代墓取样点扫描电子显微镜/能谱谱图
Figure 5. SEM image and EDS analysis of sample obtained at Jin Dai Tomb site
表 1 河南三门峡虢季墓取样地点和样品性状
Table 1. Sampling locations and sample characters of Guo Ji Tomb
取样地点样品编号 样品性状 pH值 虢季墓GJM1 块状与粉末掺杂 6.30 虢季墓GJM2 粉末状 6.63 虢季墓东壁-北壁4米GJM3 块状与粉末掺杂 6.28 虢季墓遗址表面附土GJM4 粉末状 7.67 梁姬墓西侧壁LJM1 粉末状 6.30 梁姬墓东侧壁土壤块LJM2 块状 6.28 梁姬墓西北角地面LJM3 粉末状 7.98 近代墓南2米东壁地面JDM1 块状与粉末掺杂 8.02 近代墓南2米东壁JDM2 粉末状 6.55 
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表 2 样品XRF分析结果
Table 2. XRF of samples from Guo Ji Tomb
% 分析元素 GJM1 GJM2 GJM3 GJM4 LJM1 LJM2 LJM3 JDM1 JDM2 Si 50.23 49.16 49.67 52.0 52.47 54.75 49.92 50.57 50.56 Na 2.49 2.37 2.34 3.14 2.65 3.22 2.39 2.54 2.70 S 0.15 1.19 0.71 0.74 0.72 0.23 0.41 0.20 0.18 Cl 0.03 -- 0.10 0.01 0.09 0.57 0.13 -- -- K 6.43 4.81 4.91 6.28 5.71 5.69 5.03 6.58 6.20 Ca 16.17 16.93 16.57 14.42 14.32 13.94 16.24 16.14 15.60 Mg 3.60 3.86 4.12 3.38 3.58 3.37 4.15 3.77 3.91 Al 10.94 11.25 11.23 10.49 10.75 10.32 11.25 10.62 10.89 Fe 8.17 8.56 8.61 7.72 7.76 6.34 8.72 7.89 8.30
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表 3 离子色谱分析结果
Table 3. Results of ion chromatograph analysis
(mg/g) 分析样品 Cl- NO3- SO42- Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ GJM1 0.08 0.12 1.17 0.60 5.18 0.07 3.03 GJM2 0.22 0.66 4.85 0.12 0.27 0.21 4.12 GJM3 0.19 0.29 5.36 0.22 0.57 0.30 5.66 GJM4 0.13 0.36 5.06 1.24 4.23 0.20 3.42 LJM1 0.06 0.06 8.88 0.12 0.27 0.21 5.75 LJM2 1.31 4.93 0.39 0.95 2.30 0.33 4.28 LJM3 0.21 0.32 2.95 0.15 0.63 0.33 4.55 JDM1 0.05 0.15 1.49 0.87 3.86 0.33 4.95 JDM2 0.05 0.13 1.41 0.78 6.61 0.08 2.81
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表 4 盐分含量排序
Table 4. Sort orders of contents of salts
取样点 所含盐类(按含量由高到低排列) GJM1 CaSO4、Na2SO4、KNO3、NaCl GJM2 CaSO4、CaCl2、NaCl GJM3 CaSO4、KNO3、Na2SO4、NaCl GJM4 CaSO4、Na2SO4、KNO3、NaCl LJM1 CaSO4、NaCl LJM2 KNO3、CaCl2、NaCl LJM3 CaSO4、KNO3、MgSO4、NaCl JDM1 CaSO4、Na2SO4、KNO3、NaCl JDM2 CaSO4、Na2SO4、KNO3、NaCl
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